Processing multiply occurring fields and field groups

Overview

A single field name that has different values can be stored repeatedly in a record. For example, the field CHILD in the record shown below is an example of a multiply occurring field:

FATHER = JOHN DOE CHILD = ELIZABETH CHILD = ROBERT

Any field name except for the following types of fields can be present more than once in a record:

• A NUMERIC RANGE field
• A sort key
• A hash key

JOHN DOE might also have a medical record that recorded multiple surgeries, each of which is associated with a surgeon and a date. His record contains repeated instances of these three related fields:

SURGERY_TYPE SURGEON SURGERY_DATE

As of version 7.5 of Model 204, SOUL lets you define these fields as part of a "physical" field group, which means they are stored, retrieved, and updated as a single instance of, say, the SURGERY field group. You could define these fields as individual multiply occurring fields and group them logically in your SOUL code, but the physical field group structure has significant processing efficiencies.

For information about how to define a field group, see Defining a field group.

Special processing for multiply occurring fields and field groups

Certain SOUL statements operate differently on multiply occurring fields and field groups than on singly occurring fields. SOUL provides special statements and forms of statements that can be used with multiply occurring fields and field groups, notably including the EACH modifier and subscripts. SOUL also provides for the use of subscripted field references for accessing a particular occurrence of a multiply occurring field or field group.

FIND statement

Retrieval

Example 1

Assume this sample record:

FATHER = JOHN DOE CHILD = ELIZABETH CHILD = ROBERT

You can use either of these two statements to retrieve the record:

FIND.RECS: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH CHILD = ELIZABETH END FIND FIND.RECS: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH CHILD = ROBERT END FIND

Example 2

The record is not retrieved by either of these statements:

FIND.RECS: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH CHILD = NOT ELIZABETH END FIND FIND.RECS: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH CHILD = NOT ROBERT END FIND

Multi-condition range retrievals

You should pay special attention to the effect of multiply occurring fields on multi-condition range retrievals. Undesirable results can occur if a range search is specified for a multiply occurring field. For example:

FIND.RECS: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH CHILD IS AFTER KEN AND BEFORE PAUL END FIND

retrieves the sample record even though neither child's name in the sample is between KEN and PAUL. Model 204 evaluates each condition of the FIND separately, then combines the results of each evaluation to build the set of records satisfying all conditions. The BETWEEN operator behaves exactly like any other multi-condition range retrieval when used on a multiply occurring field.

If a range search must be performed on a multiply occurring field, use the IN RANGE clause of the FIND statement. Refer to NUMERIC RANGE and ORDERED NUMERIC attributes for more information about the IN RANGE clause. Better code for the previous example is:

FIND.RECS: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH CHILD IS ALPHA IN RANGE AFTER KEN AND BEFORE PAUL END FIND

Use of subscripts

You cannot use subscripted references with the FIND statement. Refer to Subscripts for more information about using subscripts with multiply occurring fields.

NOTE statement

Only first occurrence is noted

The NOTE statement notes only the first occurrence of a multiply occurring field. For example, only the first occurrence of the field (CHILD = ELIZABETH) are noted by:

KEEP.CHILD: NOTE CHILD

Use of subscripts

In order to note a particular occurrence of a multiply occurring field, the field name must be subscripted. Refer to the discussion of subscripts on Subscripts for detailed information on subscripted field names and usage.

PRINT and PRINT n statements

PRINT statement output format

The PRINT statement prints only the first occurrence of a field in a record.

If there is more than one value of a field in a record, the special modifier, EACH, can be used in a PRINT statement to print out all the values on a single line, with a single space between values.

Example 1

PRINT EACH INCIDENT

yields:

T1 T2 T1 T3 T2 T1

Example 2

If the field is given a column position, as in:

PRINT FULLNAME WITH EACH INCIDENT AT COLUMN 18

values are printed one to a line and positioned at the column specified.

ABBOTT, GAIL H T1 - T3 - T1 - T3 - T2 - T1

Example 3

A field cited in a PRINT statement after a multiply occurring field is printed on the same line as the last value of the multiply occurring field. If you change the PRINT statement in the sample request as here:

PRINT FULLNAME WITH EACH INCIDENT AT COLUMN 18 - WITH POLICY NO AT COLUMN 23 - WITH STATE AT COLUMN 32

This output results:

ABBOTT, GAIL H T1 - T3 - T1 - T3 - T2 - T1 100340 CALIFORNIA

Use of subscripts

See PRINT statement for a description of using PRINT with subscripts.

PRINT n statement

Long fields, such as abstracts, evaluations, or statements of purpose, can be stored as a multiply occurring field. Each occurrence can contain as many as 255 characters.

Syntax

You can use this PRINT statement to print such a field as a paragraph:

PRINT n fieldname

where n must be a number less than 32,768.

Output format

The PRINT n statement prints up to n lines of text, composed of all of the occurrences of the field concatenated in order. Nothing is inserted. At most, n lines are printed; any extra lines are ignored.

Ordinarily, a PRINT statement that produces more than one line inserts a hyphen in the continuation column of the output device. Instead of using the continuation column, this form of PRINT attempts to end each line with a complete word delimited by spaces. If there is insufficient space to fit the last word on a line, the word is hyphenated arbitrarily and continued on the next line.

The AT COLUMN and TO COLUMN clauses can be used to adjust the output to a narrower column. When used together with PRINT n, text is broken at word boundaries to fit within the column. The AT clause does not affect the first line, and the TO clause does not affect the last line (unless the line limit n is exceeded). This allows indenting.

The AT or TO column options cannot accept negative numbers or numbers greater than 32767 for the column.

Procedures containing PRINT statements with negative numbers or numbers greater than 32767 fail at compile time with the following counting error message:

M204.0263: AT/TO MUST BE BETWEEN 1 AND 32767

Example

This example illustrates the use of the PRINT n statement.

BEGIN PRINT '1234567890123456' STORE RECORD TEXT = 'NOW IS THE T' TEXT = 'IME FOR' TEXT = ' ALL GOOD MEN TO' ITEM = 1 END STORE FD.REC: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH ITEM = 1 END FIND FOR 1 RECORD IN FD.REC PRINT.TEXT: PRINT '' AT COLUMN 5 WITH 3 TEXT - AT COLUMN 3 TO 16 END FOR END

The output produced is:

1234567890123456 NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOOD MEN TO

The PRINT.TEXT statement concatenates a null value (two single quotes with no space between them) with the PRINT n form to indent the first line of text by using the location of the null value (column 5).

Note that the printing stops short of column 16 to avoid truncating TIME and GOOD.

Use with subscripts

You cannot use subscripted references with the PRINT n statement. Refer to Subscripts for more information about using subscripts with multiply occurring fields.

ADD, CHANGE, and DELETE statements

The ADD and CHANGE statements, and both forms of the DELETE statement, are supported in remote file and scattered group contexts.

ADD statement

The ADD statement places new occurrences of a field after existing occurrences. For example, if new children are added to the sample record, the additions are placed last. Thus:

ADD CHILD = SARAH ADD CHILD = PATRICK

results in the record:

FATHER = JOHN DOE CHILD = ELIZABETH CHILD = ROBERT CHILD = SARAH CHILD = PATRICK

The INSERT statement

If the order of occurrence is important, the INSERT statement can be used to add new occurrences. See the discussion on INSERT statement.

CHANGE statement

The CHANGE statement alters only the first occurrence of a field in a record.

Syntax

You can use this form of the CHANGE statement if there is more than one occurrence:

CHANGE fieldname = value1 TO value2

This form, like the CHANGE fieldname statement, can be used only inside a FOR EACH RECORD loop. It deletes the first occurrence of the pair fieldname = value1 from a record, and adds the pair fieldname = value2 to the record. The new value is added either in the position occupied by the original value or at the end of the record, depending upon the update attribute specified for the field by the file manager. See the discussion in UPDATE field attribute.

If the specified field, fieldname = value1, does not appear in the record, fieldname = value2 is simply added to the record. If the specified fieldname = value1 pair appears more than once in the record, only the first occurrence of it is deleted. The pair, fieldname = value2, is added just once. Occurrences of the field name that have other values are not altered by the statement.

DELETE statement

The DELETE statement deletes only the first occurrence of the field in the record by default.

Two forms of DELETE statement

For multiply occurring fields, two forms of the DELETE statement are provided; however only for use inside a FOR EACH RECORD loop:

To delete...	Syntax	Usage
A particular occurrence	DELETE fieldname = value	To delete the first occurrence of the pair, fieldname = value, from a record. Occurrences of the field that have other values are not removed. If the field with the specified value: Occurs more than once in the record, only the first occurrence is deleted. Cannot be found, no deletion occurs.
Every occurrence of the field in the record	DELETE EACH fieldname	To delete all occurrences of the specified field name. The field to be deleted cannot have the INVISIBLE attribute.

Use with the FOR EACH OCCURRENCE statement

See Deleting occurrences for a discussion of deleting occurrences using the FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF (FEO) statement.

Use with subscripts

See DELETE statement for a discussion of using the DELETE statement with subscripts.

SORT RECORDS statement

When a multiply occurring field is chosen as a sort key, each record in the set being sorted is processed once using the first occurrence of the field as the key.

EACH modifier with one sort field

If the EACH modifier is present in the SORT statement and if there are n occurrences of the field in the record, similar records are created in the sorted copy of the original set.

Example

The following request:

SORT RECORDS IN FIND.RECS BY EACH KEY

generates three temporary records for the single permanent record in which the field named KEY occurs three times:

KEY = COMPUTER KEY = CORPORATION KEY = AMERICA

The records generated are:

1 KEY = COMPUTER 2 KEY = CORPORATION KEY = CORPORATION KEY = AMERICA KEY = AMERICA KEY = COMPUTER 3 KEY = AMERICA KEY = COMPUTER KEY = CORPORATION

These correspond to the n cyclic permutations of the set of field occurrences and, in this example, are sorted into the order 3, 1, 2 (if no other option is selected). Statements that refer to the sorted set, such as PRINT, PRINT EACH, NOTE, and PRINT ALL INFORMATION (PAI), reflects the permutation. No record is generated if n = 0.

EACH modifier with several key fields

When the EACH option is selected for several keys, n occurrences of one key and m of another produce differently permuted records. If either n or m equal 0, no records are generated.

Example

This request:

BEGIN FIND.RECS: IN CLIENTS FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH INCIDENT = T1 END FIND SORT.RECS: SORT RECORDS IN FIND.RECS BY FULLNAME - AND EACH INCIDENT DATE FOR EACH RECORD IN SORT.RECS PRINT FULLNAME WITH INCIDENT DATE - AT COLUMN 25 END FOR END

produces printed output of:

ABBOTT, FRANKLIN G 860323 ABBOTT, GAIL H 861022 ABRAMS, RUTH Z 861115 ABRAMS, RUSSELL Y 870218 ABBOTT, FRANKLIN G 870424 ABBOTT, GAIL H 871123 . . . . . .

If no occurrences are present

A record that does not contain at least one occurrence of the INCIDENT DATE field produces no printed output. Similarly:

SORT RECORDS IN FIND.RECS BY EACH A AND EACH B

would produce nothing for those records that do not have at least one occurrence of both A and B.

FOR EACH RECORD statement

The FOR EACH RECORD IN ORDER BY statement retrieves and loops on only the first occurrence of a field in a record.

EACH modifier

If there is more than one value of a field in a record, the special modifier, EACH, can be used to retrieve and loop on all values of the field.

The EACH modifier only can be used on a FOR EACH RECORD statement that specifies index order processing (the IN ORDER BY fieldname clause must be used and the field must have the ORDERED attribute). The VALUE IN phrase must be used to retrieve the current value of the ORDERED field driving the loop.

Example

This example of the FOR EACH RECORD IN ORDER BY statement:

BEGIN FR1: FOR EACH RECORD IN ORDER BY EACH INCIDENT DATE PRINT VALUE IN FR1 WITH FULLNAME AT COLUMN 25 END FOR END

returns each record in order by each value of the ORDERED field, as follows:

760323 ABBOTT, FRANKLIN G 761022 ABBOTT, GAIL H 761115 ABRAMS, RUTH Z 770218 ABRAMS, RUSSELL Y . . .

Special statements for multiply occurring fields and field groups

SOUL provides several statements for handling multiply occurring fields and field groups. Field groups are supported as of Model 204 version 7.5.

• COUNT OCCURRENCES (used with singly occurring fields, too)
• FOR ALL OCCURRENCES OF FIELDGROUP
• FOR EACH OCCURRENCE (used with singly occurring fields, too)
• FOR FIELDGROUP
• DELETE EACH OCCURRENCE

Note: See also the INSERT statement, which you can use to add new occurrences of a field.

COUNT OCCURRENCES OF statement

The COUNT OCCURRENCES OF (CTO) statement counts the number of occurrences of the named field in the current record.

Syntax

The format of the COUNT OCCURRENCES statement is:

label: COUNT OCCURRENCES OF fieldname

or

label: CTO fieldname

The field name cannot be subscripted. The COUNT OCCURRENCES OF statement can appear only within a FOR EACH RECORD loop.

The COUNT OCCURRENCES statement is supported in remote file and scattered group contexts.

COUNT IN clause

The COUNT IN clause refers to the count obtained by the COUNT OCCURRENCES OF statement. This request:

BEGIN FIND.RECS: IN VEHICLES FIND ALL RECORDS END FIND FOR 5 RECORDS IN FIND.RECS NO.OF.VINS: COUNT OCCURRENCES OF VIN PRINT OWNER POLICY WITH ' INSURES ' WITH - COUNT IN NO.OF.VINS WITH ' VEHICLE(S)' END FOR END

generates the following output:

100025 INSURES 1 VEHICLE(S) 100030 INSURES 1 VEHICLE(S) 100032 INSURES 1 VEHICLE(S) 100051 INSURES 1 VEHICLE(S) 100058 INSURES 1 VEHICLE(S)

FOR ALL OCCURRENCES OF FIELDGROUP (FAO FIELDGROUP) statement

The FAO statement collects the field group IDs for all occurrences, then processes against that list.

Syntax

The format of the statement is:

FOR ALL OCCURRENCES OF FIELDGROUP (fgname | %%varGrp)

Where:

• fgname specifies a field group name.
• %%varGrp specifies a field group name variable.

The difference between an FAO statement and an FEO statement is that the FAO statement is less affected by insertions or deletions of FIELDGROUP fgname within the loop, due to the semantics of field group IDs. This means that deleting the current occurrence within the loop will not affect occurrences referenced in subsequent iterations.

FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF loops

On each loop of FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF (FEO), the VALUE IN and OCCURRENCE IN labels refer to value and position, respectively, of the next field occurrence, starting with occurrence 1 and increasing by 1 for each pass through the loop. When the next field occurrence number is greater than the number of field occurrences in the record, the loop terminates.

Syntax

The format of the FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loop is:

label: FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF fieldname

Alternatively,

label: FEO fieldname

The FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF statement is supported in remote file and scattered group contexts.

Example

Consider this record:

FIRST NAME = RICHARD LAST NAME = SMITH CHILD = HENRY CHILD = SALLY CHILD = JANE ADDRESS = AVON DRIVE

This request creates a separate record for each child.

BEGIN FD.REC: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH FIRST NAME = RICHARD LAST NAME = SMITH END FIND FOR EACH RECORD IN FD.REC NOTE.ADD: NOTE ADDRESS CHILD.LOOP: FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF CHILD PRINT VALUE IN CHILD.LOOP STORE RECORD FIRST NAME = VALUE IN CHILD.LOOP LAST NAME = SMITH ADDRESS = VALUE IN NOTE.ADD END STORE END FOR END FOR END

Simulating a FOR EACH VALUE loop

The FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF statement can be used to simulate a FOR EACH VALUE loop if the field contains a static collection of known values. Consider the values of states. The user sets up a single record that has a multiply occurring field in sorted sequence as follows:

TYPE = STATE CODE = ALABAMA CODE = ARKANSAS . . CODE = WYOMING

These statements begin a request to generate a report in order by state:

BEGIN FIND.TYPE: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH TYPE = STATE END FIND FOR EACH RECORD IN FIND.TYPE EACH.CODE: FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF CODE FIND.STATE: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH STATE = VALUE IN EACH.CODE END FIND FOR EACH RECORD IN FIND.STATE . .

This method has the advantage of eliminating the internal sort required by FOR EACH VALUE IN ORDER and provides an easy way to simulate a FOR EACH VALUE loop for a field that does not have the FRV or ORDERED attribute. However, a change in the list of values can require a recreation of the TYPE record to keep the values in order. Recreation is not required if the UPDATE IN PLACE field attribute has been specified for the CODE field and if the new and old values occupy the same place in order. Recreation also is not required if the INSERT statement is used correctly.

VALUE IN with FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loops

VALUE IN references to FOR EACH OCCURRENCE (FEO) statements from outside the FEO loop does not compile. Such references receive the following error message:

M204.0311 UNACCEPTABLE STATEMENT REFERENCE

At runtime, the space occupied in STBL by the FEO value is reclaimed after each iteration of the FEO loop (including the last). This results in a reduction in the runtime STBL space requirements of some programs that use FEO.

To avoid getting that error, move the value into a %variable inside the FEO loop, and then reference the %variable outside the FEO loop.

FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF against INVISIBLE fields

Using FOR EACH OCCURRENCE (FEO) syntax against INVISIBLE fields is a waste of processing time. An FEO causes a scan of the current Table B record, but INVISIBLE fields are not stored in Table B, so an FEO against an INVISIBLE field can never find any occurrences. Prior to V4R2.0 this programming flaw was masked because using FEO syntax against an INVISIBLE field compiled and evaluated successfully, although it never found occurrences.

Beginning in V4R2.0, FEO syntax against an INVISIBLE field results in compilation error:

M204.0320 FIELD IS INVISIBLE. FIELD =

Deleting occurrences of fields and field groups

The DELETE EACH statement can be used to delete all occurrences.

The FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF loop, when used to delete occurrences, deletes the first 50% of occurrences of a multiply occurring field on the current record, in the order that they were stored on that record. If there are an odd number of occurrences of the field on the record, then the first up to and including the middle occurrence will be deleted. With each pass through the loop, the fields and records in Table B are shifted to eliminate the space the deleted occurrence took, condensing Table B storage. The pointer is also shifted to point to the first occurrence in the remaining items.

Example

Suppose the following statement is specified for the RICHARD SMITH record described previously:

FOR EACH RECORD IN FD.REC DEL.CHILD: FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF CHILD DELETE CHILD END FOR END FOR

The record originally contained these CHILD entries:

CHILD=HENRY CHILD=SALLY CHILD=JANE

On the first pass through the loop, the first value, HENRY, is selected and deleted. At the end of the first pass, the record contains these CHILD entries:

CHILD=SALLY CHILD=JANE

On the second pass through the loop, the DELETE CHILD statement again deletes the first occurrence of the field as described in DELETE statement. Since HENRY has already been deleted, Model 204 deletes the first entry, SALLY.

After the second pass, the FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loop terminates. This is because the value in DEL.CHILD should be the next (third) occurrence, but after two passes, only one occurrence remains on the record. Therefore, at the end of the FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loop, the remaining value in the CHILD field is:

CHILD=JANE

Deleting with an FEO FIELDGROUP versus FAO FIELDGROUP loop

An FEO FIELDGROUP statement on field groups has the same semantics as an FEO statement on a single field. When you iterate in an FEO FIELDGROUP or FEO loop, the next occurrence processed is the occurrence number one greater than the one processed before, whether or not it is one you have already processed (because of insertions) or whether or not you skip one or more (because of deletions). For example:

• To delete every other occurrence of the field group, use an FEO statement:

  FEO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE DELETE FIELDGROUP END FOR

• To delete all occurrences of the field group, use an FAO FIELDGROUP statement:

  FAO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE DELETE FIELDGROUP END FOR

FOR FIELDGROUP statement

The FOR FIELDGROUP statement operates on a specific occurrence of a field group. The occurrence is indicated by either an occurrence number or a field group ID number.

Syntax

The format of the statement is:

FOR FIELDGROUP (fgname | %%varFgname) { (occurrence-number) | = fieldgroupID }

Where:

• fgname specifies a field group name.
• %%varGrp specifies a field group name variable.
• occurrence-number specifies an occurrence within that field group. The occurrence number must be enclosed in parentheses.

  The $FIELDGROUPOCCURRENCE function returns the field group occurrence value.

• fieldgroupID specifies a field group ID, which is unique for a record. A field group ID is assigned when a field group is added to the record, is equal to one more than the highest field group ID that has been assigned in the record, and is not reused if its field group is deleted.

  fieldgroupID must be preceded by an equal sign.

  The $FIELDGROUPID function returns the field group ID.

Examples

This FOR FIELDGROUP statement sets the third occurrence of the DRIVER field group as the context for the Print statement:

FR Where ... For Fieldgroup DRIVER (3) Print DRIVER_ID End For End For

This FOR FIELDGROUP statement uses a field name variable to set the DRIVER field group that has ID %fgid as the context for the Print statement:

FR Where ... %driver = 'DRIVER' For Fieldgroup %%driver = %fgid Print DRIVER_ID And DRIVER_NAME End For End For

Setting field group context

To access data in a field group, first establish the record context using the FOR EACH RECORD (FR) or FOR RECORD NUMBER (FRN) statement. Then to access the occurrences of the field group, you typically use an FAO FIELDGROUP or FEO FIELDGROUP loop.

Using a FOR ALL OCCURRENCES OF loop

You can set field group context with an FAO loop. For example:

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD FAO: FAO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE IF COLOR IS LIKE '*RED*' THEN PRINT 'POLICY:' AT 5 AND POLICY_NUMBER AND - 'COLOR=' WITH COLOR %RED = %RED + 1 END IF END FOR END FOR PRINT 'NUMBER OF RED CARS:' AND %RED END

The result is:

POLICY: 100001 COLOR=VICTORY RED POLICY: 100007 COLOR=RED POLICY: 100011 COLOR=VICTORY RED ... NUMBER OF RED CARS: 214 ...and so on...

Using a FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loop

An FEO loop on a field group establishes a field group context. Inside the loop, references to field group fields are to their occurrences in their field group. For example:

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 FEO: FEO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE %DRIVER_ID = OTHER_DRIVER PRINT OCCURRENCE IN FEO AND MAKE AND MODEL AND - 'OTHER DRIVER(S):' AT 30 AND EACH OTHER_DRIVER PRINT 'FIRST:' AT 30 AND %DRIVER_ID AND - 'THIRD:' AND OTHER_DRIVER(3) END FOR END FOR END

The result is:

1 AUDI A4 QUATTRO OTHER DRIVER(S): 100035 100037 100036 FIRST: 100035 THIRD: 100036 2 CADILLAC SEVILLE OTHER DRIVER(S): FIRST: THIRD:

An important difference between an FAO FIELDGROUP statement and an FEO FIELDGROUP statement is that the FAO FIELDGROUP statement collects the field group IDs for all occurrences, then processes against that list. Because of this, it is less affected by insertions or deletions of occurrences of field groups within the loop. Deleting the current occurrence within the loop, for example, will not affect occurrences referenced in subsequent iterations. For further discussion of this, see FEO loops and field group context, below.

Using a FOR FIELDGROUP block

You can use a field group occurrence established by a FOR FIELDGROUP block as the context for references to its members.

For example, the following PAFGI (PRINT ALL FIELD GROUP INFORMATION) statement outputs the contents of only the third occurrence of field group GRP:

IN FILE WHATEVER FRN %RECNO FOR FIELDGROUP GRP(3) PRINT ’*** Third occurrence of field group GRP’ PAFGI END FOR END FOR

Accessing field group members while not in field group context

You can access field group occurrences by using the occurrence number directly in the FR loop, if the field is EXACTLY-ONE or AT-MOST-ONE. So, instead of using this FEO FIELDGROUP loop to print the MAKE and MODEL for the three vehicles in the VEHICLE field group:

BEGIN FR WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100095 FEO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE PRINT MAKE AND MODEL END FOR END FOR END

Output:

VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CHEVROLET SUBURBAN

You can also access the MAKE and MODEL (EXACTLY-ONE) fields directly within the FR loop by using occurrence numbers:

BEGIN FR WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100095 PRINT MAKE AND MODEL PRINT MAKE(2) AND MODEL(2) PRINT MAKE(3) AND MODEL(3) END FOR END

Output:

VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE MITSUBISHI SUBURBAN CHEVROLET SUBURBAN

Note: If MAKE and MODEL are REPEATABLE fields or defined to all field groups (FIELDGROUP *), attempting to access them with just an FR loop will fail.

Missing data in field groups

As with non-field group field references for missing occurrences, the field values are returned as null (see the reference to OTHER_DRIVER(3) in the preceding example). The exception is EXACTLY-ONE fields in field groups, where the field's default value is returned for missing occurrences.

Handling nested field group context

If field groups are nested, you can always retrieve an EXACTLY-ONE field in a field group inside the current context without establishing that nested field group's context. EXACTLY-ONE fields in specific field groups (as opposed to fields defined with FIELDGROUP * that belong to all field groups) can be retrieved outside the field group context. In the following example, CLAIM-NUMBER is an EXACTLY-ONE field in field group CLAIM which is nested within field group VEHICLE:

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100095 PRINT POLICY_NUMBER FEO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE PRINT MAKE AT 5 AND MODEL PRINT '1)' AND CLAIM_NUMBER PRINT '2)' AND CLAIM_NUMBER(2) PRINT '3)' AND CLAIM_NUMBER(3) END FOR END FOR END

The result is:

100095 VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE 1) 2) 3) MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE 1) 100059 2) 100064 3) CHEVROLET SUBURBAN 1) 2) 3)

Updating fields in a field group

EXACTLY-ONE fields cannot be ADDed, INSERTed or DELETEd. You can only CHANGE them.

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 FEO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE ADD MAKE = 'XXX' INSERT MAKE(1) = %NOTHING DELETE MAKE CHANGE COLOR(4) TO 'YYYY' END FOR BACKOUT END

The result is:

*** 1 M204.2853: ADD NOT ALLOWED FOR EXACTLY-ONE FIELD == 'XXX' *** 2 M204.0228: PART OF STATEMENT IGNORED *** 3 M204.2853: INSERT NOT ALLOWED FOR EXACTLY-ONE FIELD == %NOTHING *** 4 M204.0228: PART OF STATEMENT IGNORED *** 5 M204.2853: DELETE NOT ALLOWED FOR EXACTLY-ONE FIELD *** M204.1042: COMPILATION ERRORS

Handling invalid occurrence numbers

The following PRINT MAKE(3) statement prints a null and without error, even if MAKE was defined as EXACTLY-ONE. This is consistent with Model 204 behavior for non-field group EXACTLY-ONE and OCCURS fields. That is, you can request occurrence 4 of an EXACTLY-ONE or OCCURS 1 field in the record and Model 204 returns a null. Model 204 ignores invalid occurrence numbers such as negative numbers or 0. 0 is treated the same as 1.

In the following example, MAKE and MODEL are EXACTLY-ONE fields.

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 PRINT '1' AND MAKE AND MODEL PRINT '2' AND MAKE(2) AND MODEL(2) PRINT '3' AND MAKE(3) AND MODEL(3) END FOR END

The result is:

1 AUDI A4 QUATTRO 2 CADILLAC SEVILLE 3

In addition to retrieving field values inside an FEO FIELDGROUP loop, fields in that field group can be updated, that is, added, inserted, changed, and deleted:

BEGIN %GLASSES IS STRING LEN 50 %GLASSES = 'CORRECTIVE LENSES REQUIRED' IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT 'BEFORE ..' PAFGI ADD DRIVER_RESTRICTIONS = 'MEDICAL RESTRICTIONS PRESENT' INSERT DRIVER_RESTRICTIONS(3) = %GLASSES DELETE DRIVER_RESTRICTIONS(4) CHANGE DRIVER_MARITAL_STATUS TO 'WIDOWED' PRINT 'AFTER ...' PAFGI END FOR BACKOUT END

The result is:

BEFORE .. \DRIVER = 1 DRIVER_ID = 100034 DRIVER_NAME = CUMMINGS, BETTY S DRIVER_MARITAL_STATUS = SINGLE DRIVER_GENDER = F DRIVER_DATE_OF_BIRTH = 19791225 /DRIVER = 1 AFTER ... \DRIVER = 1 DRIVER_ID = 100034 DRIVER_NAME = CUMMINGS, BETTY S DRIVER_MARITAL_STATUS = WIDOWED DRIVER_GENDER = F DRIVER_DATE_OF_BIRTH = 19791225 DRIVER_RESTRICTIONS = MEDICAL RESTRICTIONS PRESENT DRIVER_RESTRICTIONS = CORRECTIVE LENSES REQUIRED /DRIVER = 1 BEFORE .. \DRIVER = 2

Constraint violations for field groups

For ADD, INSERT, and DELETE statements, you can get an EXACTLY-ONE constraint violation, as well as other field constraint violations. In the previous example, had you attempted to add, insert, or delete the field DRIVER_ID, you would have received the following error message:

M204.2853: (ADD/DELETE/INSERT) NOT ALLOWED FOR EXACTLY-ONE FIELD

In general, the behavior of updating statements mimics the Model 204 handling of exception cases. For example, a DELETE of an occurrence that is not there is ignored. A CHANGE statement for an absent occurrence becomes an ADD statement.

Referencing fields in nested field groups

You can reference a field from the containing context even inside a field group context. For example:

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT POLICY_NUMBER AND DRIVER_NAME END FOR END 100013 CUMMINGS, BETTY S 100013 CUMMINGS, EDDIE R 100013 CUMMINGS, LEE V 100013 CUMMINGS, MARY U 100013 CUMMINGS, ROBERT T

In other words, you can delete every other occurrence of a field groups:

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 PRINT POLICY_NUMBER PRINT 'BEFORE...' FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT DRIVER_NAME AT 5 END FOR FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER DELETE FIELDGROUP END FOR PRINT 'AFTER....' FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT DRIVER_NAME AT 5 END FOR BACKOUT END 100013 BEFORE... CUMMINGS, BETTY S CUMMINGS, EDDIE R CUMMINGS, LEE V CUMMINGS, MARY U CUMMINGS, ROBERT T AFTER.... CUMMINGS, EDDIE R CUMMINGS, MARY U *** M204.1099: TRANSACTION 1 HAS BEEN BACKED OUT

The following code example shows the difference when you use an FAO statement instead of an FEO statement.

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 PRINT POLICY_NUMBER PRINT 'BEFORE...' FAO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT DRIVER_NAME AT 5 END FOR FAO FIELDGROUP DRIVER DELETE FIELDGROUP END FOR PRINT 'AFTER....' FAO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT DRIVER_NAME AT 5 END FOR BACKOUT END 100013 BEFORE... CUMMINGS, BETTY S CUMMINGS, EDDIE R CUMMINGS, LEE V CUMMINGS, MARY U CUMMINGS, ROBERT T AFTER.... *** M204.1099: TRANSACTION 2 HAS BEEN BACKED OUT BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100095 PRINT '...BEFORE...' FAO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE PRINT MAKE AND MODEL END FOR PRINT 'ADD A HONDA PILOT ...' ADD FIELDGROUP VEHICLE MAKE = HONDA MODEL = PILOT * ... OTHER VEHICLE FIELDS END ADD PRINT '...AFTER....' FAO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE PRINT MAKE AND MODEL END FOR BACKOUT END ...BEFORE... VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CHEVROLET SUBURBAN ADD A HONDA PILOT ... ...AFTER.... VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CHEVROLET SUBURBAN HONDA PILOT *** M204.1099: TRANSACTION 6 HAS BEEN BACKED OUT

FEO loops and field group context

On each iteration of a field group FEO loop, the current field group is set as the field group context. If that field group is deleted and a field in that field group is referenced you get a request cancelling error.

FEO on field groups has the same semantics as those on a single field. When you iterate in an FEO FIELDGROUP, the next occurrence processed is the occurrence number one greater than the one processed before, whether or not it is one you have already processed (because of insertions) or whether or not you skip one or more (because of deletions).

In other words, you can delete every other occurrence of a field group:

BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT POLICY_NUMBER AND DRIVER_NAME END FOR END 100013 CUMMINGS, BETTY S 100013 CUMMINGS, EDDIE R 100013 CUMMINGS, LEE V 100013 CUMMINGS, MARY U 100013 CUMMINGS, ROBERT T BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 PRINT POLICY_NUMBER PRINT 'BEFORE...' FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT DRIVER_NAME AT 5 END FOR FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER DELETE FIELDGROUP END FOR PRINT 'AFTER....' FEO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT DRIVER_NAME AT 5 END FOR BACKOUT END 100013 BEFORE... CUMMINGS, BETTY S CUMMINGS, EDDIE R CUMMINGS, LEE V CUMMINGS, MARY U CUMMINGS, ROBERT T AFTER.... CUMMINGS, EDDIE R CUMMINGS, MARY U *** M204.1099: TRANSACTION 1 HAS BEEN BACKED OUT SHOW DIFFERENCE WHEN YOU USE FAO INSTEAD OF FEO: BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100013 PRINT POLICY_NUMBER PRINT 'BEFORE...' FAO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT DRIVER_NAME AT 5 END FOR FAO FIELDGROUP DRIVER DELETE FIELDGROUP END FOR PRINT 'AFTER....' FAO FIELDGROUP DRIVER PRINT DRIVER_NAME AT 5 END FOR BACKOUT END 100013 BEFORE... CUMMINGS, BETTY S CUMMINGS, EDDIE R CUMMINGS, LEE V CUMMINGS, MARY U CUMMINGS, ROBERT T AFTER.... *** M204.1099: TRANSACTION 2 HAS BEEN BACKED OUT BEGIN IN POLICIES FOR EACH RECORD WHERE POLICY_NUMBER = 100095 PRINT '...BEFORE...' FAO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE PRINT MAKE AND MODEL END FOR PRINT 'ADD A HONDA PILOT ...' ADD FIELDGROUP VEHICLE MAKE = HONDA MODEL = PILOT * ... OTHER VEHICLE FIELDS END ADD PRINT '...AFTER....' FAO FIELDGROUP VEHICLE PRINT MAKE AND MODEL END FOR BACKOUT END ...BEFORE... VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CHEVROLET SUBURBAN ADD A HONDA PILOT ... ...AFTER.... VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CHEVROLET SUBURBAN HONDA PILOT *** M204.1099: TRANSACTION 6 HAS BEEN BACKED OUT

UPDATE field attribute

Impact of changing a value

When the user changes the value of a field, how Model 204 changes the occurrence depends upon whether the field was defined with the UPDATE IN PLACE or UPDATE AT END attribute, as follows:

Attribute	How the update works...
UPDATE IN PLACE (the default)	The value of the field occurrence is changed but its position in the record is preserved. To change the order of values, the user must delete the old value and add the new one in separate statements.
UPDATE AT END	The existing occurrence is deleted and the new one is automatically added at the end. UPDATE AT END is normally specified for applications that depend on value rotation to accomplish aging.

Example

This example includes both approaches to updating. Suppose a record has the following fields:

NAME = RICHARD SMITH CHILD = HENRY CHILD = SALLY CHILD = JANE

You could use the technique illustrated below to add a last name to each child. (This technique involves the use of %variables, which are discussed in Using variables and values in computation.)

BEGIN FIND.RECS: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH NAME = RICHARD SMITH END FIND FOR EACH RECORD IN FIND.RECS EACH.CHILD FOR EACH OCCURRENCE OF CHILD %A = VALUE IN EACH.CHILD WITH ' SMITH' CHANGE CHILD = VALUE IN EACH.CHILD TO %A END FOR END FOR END

If the UPDATE IN PLACE option is specified

If the UPDATE IN PLACE option has been specified for the CHILD field, then the FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loop change each occurrence of CHILD in turn.

On the first pass through the loop, the first value, HENRY, is selected and changed to HENRY SMITH. After the first pass, the record looks like this:

NAME = RICHARD SMITH CHILD = HENRY SMITH CHILD = SALLY CHILD = JANE

At the end of the second pass, SALLY is changed:

NAME = RICHARD SMITH CHILD = HENRY SMITH CHILD = SALLY SMITH CHILD = JANE

At the end of the third pass, JANE is changed:

NAME = RICHARD SMITH CHILD = HENRY SMITH CHILD = SALLY SMITH CHILD = JANE SMITH

If the UPDATE AT END option is specified

If the UPDATE AT END option has been specified for the CHILD field, the FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loop proceeds as described here.

On the first pass through the FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loop the first value, HENRY, is selected and changed to HENRY SMITH. The act of changing, however, causes the value HENRY to be deleted and the value HENRY SMITH to be added as the last child. Thus after the first pass, the record looks like this:

NAME = RICHARD SMITH CHILD = SALLY CHILD = JANE CHILD = HENRY SMITH

On the second pass through the loop, JANE, which is now the second occurrence of CHILD, is deleted and JANE SMITH added to the end of the record:

NAME = RICHARD SMITH CHILD = SALLY CHILD = HENRY SMITH CHILD = JANE SMITH

On the third pass, the third occurrence is JANE SMITH, and the record ends with:

NAME = RICHARD SMITH CHILD = SALLY CHILD = HENRY SMITH CHILD = JANE SMITH

Subscripts

Subscripts can be included in Model 204 field references to facilitate the selection of particular occurrences of multiply occurring fields. Any field name can be followed by a parenthesized expression. The value of this expression is used as an ordinal number which specifies the desired occurrence of the named field. For example:

INCIDENT(3) COURSE.NUMBER(2) TRANSACTION(A+B)

Example

This request illustrates a class schedule where subscripts are used to change the room number for a course:

BEGIN COURSE: FIND ALL RECORDS FOR WHICH REC = ROOM ASSIGNMENT END FIND CHANGE: FOR EACH RECORD IN COURSE IF ROOM(1) EQ '214A' THEN CHANGE ROOM(1) TO '566A' END IF IF ROOM(2) EQ '214A' THEN CHANGE ROOM(2) TO '566A' END IF END FOR END

Subscripted field extraction

Subscripted field references attempt to maintain their position inside a record much as an FEO loop attempts to maintain its position inside a record. This means that subscripted field references tend to be as efficient as FEO loops.

The following is an example of using subscripted field extraction for a field that is a member of a field group. An FEO loop populates two arrays with the corresponding values of group members INCIDENT and INCIDENT_DATE:

%inc is string array (12) no fs %idate is string array (12) no fs FeoIdata: feo INCIDENT %inc(occurence in FeoIdata) = value in FeoIdata %idate(occurence in FeoIdata) = INCIDENT_DATE(occurence in FeoIdata) end for

If you use multiple FEO loops for field group processing, it is possible that using this technique will require additional VTBL resources for procedures with an extremely large number of sorts or subscripted field references.

Evaluation of subscript expressions

The evaluation of subscript expressions is subject to the rules for determining an integer result for an arithmetic expression as described in Arithmetic operations.

Statements and phrases with which you cannot use subscripts

Subscripted field references can appear anywhere that unsubscripted references can, except in the following statements and phrases:

Statements you cannot use with subscripts	Because...
ADD	Adds a new occurrence of a field.
BY EACH phrase in the SORT RECORDS	Loops through all occurrences of a field.
DELETE EACH statement	Loops through all occurrences of a field.
EACH phrase in a PRINT specification	Loops through all occurrences of a field.
FILE	Deals with fields having the INVISIBLE attribute, which cannot be the object of subscripted references.
FIND	Locates records without regard to which occurrence of a field contains the desired value.
FOR EACH OCCURRENCE	Loops through all occurrences of a field. Field references within FOR EACH OCCURRENCE loops can be subscripted, depending upon the individual statements in which the references appear.
FOR EACH VALUE	Loops through all values of all occurrences of the specified field. Field references within FOR EACH VALUE loops are not allowed at all, unless the field reference is embedded in a nested FOR EACH RECORD loop. See Setting up a value loop on one field and printing a value of another for more information.
IN ORDER BY EACH phrase in the FOR EACH RECORD	Loops through all occurrences of a field.
PRINT n	Loops through all occurrences of a field.
STORE RECORD	Adds fields in the order of appearance in the statement.

Unsubscripted field references

An unsubscripted field reference in a context in which subscripted references are allowed is always equivalent to a subscripted reference with a value of one.

Do not use subscripts with INVISIBLE fields

You cannot make subscripted references to fields that have the INVISIBLE attribute (see the discussion on field attributes in Field attributes). These fields are not truly multiply occurring, although they can have several different values in a single record. A subscript specified for a field with the INVISIBLE attribute is ignored.

Subscript validity rules

The rules presented below indicate whether or not a subscript value is valid and what action to take if the value is not valid. These rules take into account:

• The value of the subscript
• The context in which the subscript appears
• The description of the subscripted field

Explanation of the rules

In these rules, two quantities are used:

1. N is the maximum number of occurrences that can be stored in a record for a given field. For a preallocated field, N equals the value of n in the OCCURS clause of the field's description. For other fields, N has no limit.
2. P is the number of nonempty occurrences of the referenced field found in the specified record when the reference is evaluated.

For a summary of rules for preallocated fields, refer to the discussion on preallocated fields in Storing values in preallocated fields.

INSERT statement

The INSERT statement, like the ADD statement, is used for adding new occurrences of a field. INSERT is used to add occurrences when the order of the values is important and the values are added out of order.

The INSERT statement is supported in remote file and scattered group contexts. The INSERT statement is not supported for Large Object fields.

Syntax

The format of the INSERT statement is:

INSERT fieldname [(subscript)] = value

Example

Assume a record with these fields:

DEPT = PERSONNEL DEPT = FINANCE DEPT = MARKETING

The following statement:

INSERT DEPT(3) = ACCOUNTING

results in this record:

DEPT = PERSONNEL DEPT = FINANCE DEPT = ACCOUNTING DEPT = MARKETING

Subscript validity rules

INSERT statement lists validity rules for subscripts. In this table:

• P is the number of occurrences of the field in the record when the INSERT statement is issued.
• S is the subscript specified in the INSERT statement.

  Subscript validation rules

  If P and S values are:	Then Model 204 takes this action:
  P > S	Inserts the new occurrence in front of the former Sth occurrence; the new occurrence becomes the current Sth occurrence of the field.
  P < S	Inserts the new occurrence of the field after the Pth occurrence; the new occurrence becomes the (P+1) occurrence.
  P = 0	Adds the new value at the end of the record, as in the ADD statement.
  S = 0, or no subscript	Treats the new value as if S = 1 and inserts the new value as the first occurrence, in front of any former occurrence of the field.
  S < 0	Does not add a new occurrence.

For fields with the INVISIBLE attribute, only the index is affected.

PRINT statement

In retrieval statements such as PRINT, subscript values less than zero or greater than P are invalid. Invalid references of this kind cause the null value to be returned. A subscript of zero returns the value of the first occurrence.

DELETE statement

In the DELETE statement, subscript values less than one or greater than P are invalid. If an invalid reference of this kind is made, no action is taken.

If several occurrences of a field are being deleted, you should be careful not to use DELETE in the following way:

FOR EACH RECORD IN FIND.RECS DELETE CLIENT(1) DELETE CLIENT(2) DELETE CLIENT(3) END FOR

As the statements are executed, Model 204 deletes the first occurrence, CLIENT(1), then locates the current second occurrence, which is the original CLIENT(3), and deletes it. Then, because a third occurrence cannot be found, the operation stops, and the original CLIENT(2) is never deleted.

In such a situation, deleting the occurrences in the reverse order achieves the desired result:

FOR EACH RECORD IN FIND.RECS DELETE CLIENT(3) DELETE CLIENT(2) DELETE CLIENT(1) END FOR

The desired result also can be achieved by completely omitting the subscripts, as follows:

FOR EACH RECORD IN FIND.RECS DELETE CLIENT DELETE CLIENT DELETE CLIENT END FOR

CHANGE statement

In the CHANGE statement, subscript values less than one or greater than P are treated as attempts to add a new occurrence (P+1). If (P+1) does not exceed N (the maximum number of occurrences that can be stored), the new occurrence is added to the record. If (P+1) does exceed N, the request is cancelled.

SORT RECORDS statement

The use of subscripts in references to the recordset yielded by a SORT RECORDS statement sometimes can produce unexpected results. If the BY EACH option appears in a SORT statement, records in which the BY EACH field is multiply occurring are copied several times (once for each field occurrence) to the system scratch file CCATEMP. In each copy, the occurrences of the BY EACH field are rotated, so that the occurrence used as the sort key appears first. Therefore, a subscripted reference to this field can yield different values for different copies of the record.